Whelp, I'll get in on this.
I'm an atheist and an evolutionist (and I genuinely did not think that was a real word). Just gonna say that right now. I consider religion to be a detriment to human progress and something that needs to be gone, and I will not try to be nice about it or try to make it seem okay when I say that religion is idiotic and those who partake of it are at best misled and irrational. Belief in supernatural forces, such as gods, hold us back because they cause people to accept those ideas without a shred of evidence. I've always, I think, looked at the world in a very rational, logical manner, which is why from my very youth I've been convinced that religion is wrong. Now, I am not a scientist (not yet :v) and I will not claim to have a great understanding of the biological sciences involved in studying evolution, but I will not default to a simpler explanation (god) because of this. Evolution and science presents the most rational, intelligent case, and therefore I can claim to be a proponent of that case. I've read the Bible, the Quran, and the primary texts of the Kabbalah, and all it ever did was make me more certain that none of it made any sense. Now, I will confess that the Kabbalah school of thought and Jewish mysticism fascinate me as a subject of study and I do take an interest in it, but I don't accept it necessarily as the truth.
Addressing above posts--specifically the one directly above mine.
First of all, what you have said about the Miller-Urey experiment is false. Miller did not reproduce the experiment himself. Others did, and not only did their experiments not, as you say, "get absolutely nothing", they produced even more diverse molecules. So yeah, completely false.
Going back to your first paragraph. Let me start with your saying that a land animal cannot 'lose' its legs (which is a very simplified and honestly wrong way of putting it). Whales evolved from land-walking animals. Let's start with the paelaeontological evidence--and get ready now, 'cos there is a lot of it.. We start with Sinonyx, a wolf-sized, primitive ungulate from the order Condylarthra, arising in the late Paleocene era, about 56 million years ago. The characteristics that link Sinonyx to the whales, thus indicating that they are relatives, include an elongated muzzle, an enlarged jugular foramen, and a short basicranium, the combination of which was previously thought unique to whales. The tooth count was the primitive mammalian number (44); the teeth were differentiated as are the heterodont teeth of today's mammals. The molars were very narrow shearing teeth, especially in the lower jaw, but possessed multiple cusps. The elongation of the muzzle is often associated with hunting fish - all fish-hunting whales, as well as dolphins, have elongated muzzles. These features were atypical of ungulates of the order Condylarthra, indicating that Sinonyx was already developing the adaptations that later became the basis of the whales' specialized way of life. The next fossil in the sequence, Pakicetus, is the oldest cetacean, and the first known archaeocete. It is from the early Eocene of Pakistan, about 52 million years ago. The remains of Pakicetus are believed to be definitely intermediate between Sinonyxand later whales. This is especially the case for the teeth. The upper and lower molars, which have multiple cusps, are still similar to those of Sinonyx, but the premolars have become simple triangular teeth composed of a single cusp serrated on its front and back edges. The teeth of later whales show even more simplification into simple serrated triangles, like those of carnivorous sharks, indicating that Pakicetus's teeth were adapted to hunting fish. On the other hand, around the same area Pakicetus was discovered, an unusual cetacean called Ambulocetus natans was discovered. It was found to have functional legs and a skeleton that would still permit for Ambulocetus to walk on land--by using its larger, strong femurs to support its hind legs. The femur didn't have large muscle attachment points, though, which means Ambulocetus' 'walking on land' did so by rotating the hind feet forward and waddling along the ground with the assistance of their forefeet and spinal flexion, much like, probably, a sea lion today. So, not a very efficient walker. But it would have been more efficient as a swimmer.
The forelimbs also demonstrate that sort of duality in function/structure. The ulna and the radius were strong and capable of carrying the weight of the animal on land. The strong elbow was strong but it was inclined rearward, making possible rearward thrusts of the forearm for swimming. However, the wrists, unlike those of modern whales, were flexible. From the anatomy of the spinal cord, it's generally accepted that Ambulocetus swam with its spine swaying up and down, propelled by its back feet, oriented to the rear; like most animals that swam this way, Ambulocetus had pretty big hind feet, which terminated in hooves (which points again to the ungulate origin of Ambulocetus).
Going further down into the Eocene era 46 or so million years ago, we have Rodhocetus, which displayed further pro-aquatic changes but retained terrestrial characteristics that continue to point towards its terrestrial origin. Due to the fact its sacral vertebrae were not fused, Rodhocetus had a flexible spine and could maintain a powerful thrust while swimming; it also probably had a tail fluke. It had shortened cervical vertebrae, heavy proximal tail vertebrae, and larger dorsal spines on the lumbar vertebrae that provided for a larger tail and axial muscle attachments--these are all characteristics previously thought unique to whales. On the other hand, Rodhocetus' pelvis, unlike future whales, was still connected to sacral vertebrae--meaning that to a degree Rodhocetus could still walk on land, but because of shorter ilium and femur, it was probably even less capable of terrestrial travel than Ambulocetus. The deepening of the thorax, lengthened skull, vertebral flexibility, and expanding tail musculature are all pointing to the transition from land-walking, to amphibious (Ambulocetus), to largely aquatic but still capable of terrestrial travel (Rodhocetus).
Dorudon represents the next and final step. Here, we see characteristics of Rodhocetus (the slim, deep thorax, extremely similar skull and teeth structure) are becoming blended with traits of modern whales (ear anatomy, tail-powered swimming, elongated vertebral column). These consistent changes (along with a lot of far more technical, complex paelaeontological jargon that I won't post because I myself don't entirely comprehend it XD) are the paelaeontological evidence in favour of the evolution from land-based mammal (Sinynoyx) to Dorudon, and then whales. We can get even further, into morphological evidence, molecular biology's contributions to the evidence, palaeonvironmental evidence, and just the obvious chronological evidence if this has not convinced you.
Well, hell. I really didn't expect my responce to that one point to take up four paragraphs, but there you have it. Concerning the common ancestor of all species, no, this is not concretely known: that does not mean that, since it isn't known for sure, it's false. Mind you, Darwin did not even state for sure that there was such an ancestor; he stated that he inferred from his data that it was a possibility. But, there is evidence towards it, and more evidence is being found. I'll try to keep this brief, but consider these points. Take genes, which are 'written' into DNA using the universal genetic code. They're the essential recipe for the creation of proteins, which drive cells and do everything from build DNA to extracting nutrients. You can take one such gene from any given human and put it into a bacterium, and the bacterium will make the human protein (this is how insulin is made). This is because the genetic code, as demonstrated, is universal to all life on Earth--doesn't this suggest a common ancestor, even if the common ancestor has yet to be exactly pinpointed? This is just one bit of the evidence used to support the idea of a universal common ancestor, and it alone is a compelling argument.
Now to address what you said about reading The Origin of Species. You cannot consider Darwin's original work to be the complete blueprint of evolution. It is a fundamental piece of the study of evolution, but the fact is that it was written long ago and much has been discovered since then that Darwin simply could not have known at the time. Many scientists have already acknowledged parts of Darwin's original work to be wrong--that's how science works, if something is wrong, it is acknowledged as such. I would recommend reading "The Greatest Show on Earth", by Richard Dawkins (as an aside, I would recommend reading anything by Richard Dawkins :P). It is a much more recent, much more complete compilation of the evidence in favour of evolution as it is now. The same goes for your bit about Einstein. Einstein died over half a century ago. Are you really going to suppose he had access to all evidence known, even at the time, in favour of evolution? Just because Einstein is 'smarter' than you and me does not make every thing that comes out of his mouth the truth.
So now to your point that Darwinism is not proven and is a 'religion'...no. Evolution is not a religion any more than religion is a scientifically accepted theory. I feel no need to even address that point.
"It is the duty of science to explain what and how, it is the duty of religion to explain why"...also no. Religion can't explain why. Religion (by which I refer to, of course, Judeo-Christian religion, or Islam, or any of the previously widely believed religions that have since faded into mere 'mythology') can't even prove itself to be true. Saying somehow it can explain 'why' science is true is laughable at best.
Nothing you have provided in your post proves evolution wrong. If anything, it's posed questions and opportunities that allow me to provide further proof as to why evolution is true.
To be honest it saddens me that it is necessary to discuss these things. That there are still people who insist evolution is somehow a 'religion' (no, it really isn't) and who somehow justify the belief that some all-powerful being created all life without any proof whatsoever saddens me and shows the futility of these discussions. Creationism is bred of an inability to see and understand simple logic. So it seems pointless to me to continue to put rational, logical proof before creationists because if they could digest the logic they wouldn't be creationists in the first place. That's why these discussions always become creationists saying "alright show me your evidence", the logical people showing them the evidence, and then the creationists going "well that's wrong. God made us all. Goodbye." I feel that creationists blatantly ignore the vast evidence in favour of evolution but joyously parade the smallest implication that evolution might be wrong in some place. Science looks at it all impartially and seeks only fact while religion is completely biased towards anything that will further its own agenda and convince people they're right and everything else is wrong. Or perhaps science and logic is just too hard for them, and therefore they must default to a simpler, more comfortable explanation: it was god. Anything happens, it was god. Why use science to explain something when you can just pin it to god?
So now I ask you creationists. Where is your evidence? Why should I accept creationism if there's no evidence? That's called blind faith, and that flies in the face of all logic and rational thought. I request one bit of proof for creationism--no more refuting evolution by providing bogus and outdated claims, I would like concrete evidence in support of creationism.
I am not, in fact, a woman. Apparently, I have to affirm this. :v